drvarun sqMedical 3D Printing & Bioprinting

Dr Varun Tyagi is a medical doctor who practices in India and writes about remarkable and historical landmarks throughout the medical world.  Dr Varun believes that 3D printing can help democratize medical care, making medical devices affordable and available to everyone on the planet.

Allevi and Made In Space Join Hands To Develop 3D Printing For Outer Space

Allevi and Made In Space Join Hands To Develop 3D Printing For Outer Space

3D Bioprinting company Allevi, formerly known as BioBots and California-based 3D printing and space technology firm Made In Space, have partnered to develop the Allevi ZeroG – the first 3D bioprinter in space launched at the recent ISS Conference in San Francisco, and also found the first two users of the new 3D bioprinting platform in Astronauts, Mark Vendei Hei and Randy Bresnik. Allevi also developed a compatible extruder, fittingly called the ZeroG bio-extruder, that is able to be outfitted onto Made In Space’s Additive Manufacturing Facility currently on board the ISS.

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3D Printed Cardiac Catheter Devices Can Save Lives With Precision

3D Printed Cardiac Catheter Devices Can Save Lives With Precision

Atrial Fibrillation or irregular rapid heartbeats affect many people worldwide with major causing death, and surgeons use cardiac catheter devices to map a heart’s electrical activity, which can also be used to detect rhythm disturbances in a patient’s heartbeats and ultimately identifying which part of heart is affected. The one size of these cardiac catheter devices makes it hard to catch these irregular heartbeats due to missed signals and spotty connections. A team of researchers from Stanford University has developed customized 3D Printed Cardiac Catheter Devices that fit each individual’s heart by recording an image file of the heart during an MRI or CT scan.

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OPM Gets Accredited To Serve In 14 Countries Of Asia

OPM Gets Accredited To Serve In 14 Countries Of Asia

Oxford Performance Materials Inc., a Connecticut-based company known for its 3D Printed Implants close to bones with osteoconductive properties and PEKK, has recently been accredited as a foreign medical device manufacturer by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Now able to serve over 14 countries of Asia in a partnership with JSR Corp. of Tokyo, OPM looks forward to expanding the reach of 3D Printing to far horizons.

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Bone Defects To Be Restored Through 3D Printed Ceramic Implants

Bone Defects To Be Restored Through 3D Printed Ceramic Implants

Researchers at New York University developing 3D Printed Ceramic Implants that dissolve slowly within the body, stimulating bone to grow in their place, thereby helping in restoring the bone defects that cannot be filled with allograft or autografts. The ceramic implant contains beta tricalcium phosphate, similar to components in natural bone, making the implants resorbable over time and are coated with dipyridamole, a blood thinning agent that stimulates bone growth and attracts bone cells to the implant.

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Supporting Nerve Cells Through 3D Printing Can Be The Key To Nerve Damage

Supporting Nerve Cells Through 3D Printing Can Be The Key To Nerve Damage

Liqun Ning, a post-doctoral fellow in the Tissue Engineering Research Group at the University of Saskatchewan, is working on 3D Printing Scaffolds of Schwann Cells, the supporting cells in the nervous system that can force nerve cells to grow properly, which were created using the Canadian Light Source center at the University of Saskatchewan. The scaffolds are expected to stimulate new, healthy nerve cells to grow. The results of the study show that the 3D printed scaffolds can promote the alignment of the Schwann cells and provide cues to direct the extension of dorsal root ganglion along the printed strands.

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Laser Peening Effect On 3D Printed Medical Ti6Al4V Implants Shows Better Wear Resistance

Laser Peening Effect On 3D Printed Medical Ti6Al4V Implants Shows Better Wear Resistance

Ti6Al4V, a biomedical implant, is a titanium alloy with biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and excellent corrosion resistance but poor wear resistance, corrosion and stability. The researchers from Jiangsu University used Laser Peening (LP), a laser surface modification technology, to modify Ti6Al4V and the results concluded that the surface micro-hardness value of the LP-treated Ti6Al4V sample increased by 25.7%, showing that LP was able to strengthen its surface. Additionally, the results of the experiment showed that after being treated with LP, the specimen did have better wear resistance than the untreated one; laser energy and impact time also helped improve the wear resistance of the LP specimen.

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Biocompatible Cartilage For Implants Made From Crocodile Cartilage, 3D Printing And Human Stem Cells

Biocompatible Cartilage For Implants Made From Crocodile Cartilage 3D Printing And Human Stem Cells

Dr. Pardraig Strappe, a microbiologist in central Queensland along with a team of researchers at CQUniversity, is using 3D printing, human stem cells, and crocodile cartilage to develop a 3D Printed Joint Cartilage to treat arthritis and joint injuries. The process involves extracting growth factors from crocodile cartilage, removing the proteins that set off a human immune response and adding adult stem cells using CELLINK 3D bioprinter.

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The Fin For Veterans Progress Towards Development And Release

The Fin For Veterans Progress Towards Development And Release

3D printed amphibious prosthetic leg called The Fin was developed months back by Northwell Health with help from Long Island design firm Eschen Prosthetic & Orthotic Laboratories and Composites Prototyping Center. The Fin is a carbon fiber 3D printed prosthetic attachment that allows amputee swimmers to move from land into the water, without having to switch up devices in between and it’s also designed to provide them with a more natural sensation as well. The device is expected to roll out soon and will greatly help the veterans swim again and recover part of their lifestyle.

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The Next Additive Manufacturing Strategies To Happen In Boston This January

The Next Additive Manufacturing Strategies To Happen In Boston This January

Additive Manufacturing Strategies event will be going live on 29th-31st January, 2018 in Boston, which will revolve around the trends and future of 3D Printing in Medicine and Dentistry. With workshops, startup competitions and exhibitions, SmarTech analysts giving overviews of developments; the event will aim consultants, business development people, leaders in manufacturing and operations people who have a significant role in future of 3D Printing in medical field.

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Neural Scaffold Implant That Can Help In Recovery Of Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Neural Scaffold Implant That Can Help In Recovery Of Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

A team of engineers and medical researchers from the University of Minnesota (UMN) are working on creating Neural Scaffold that can help patients with spinal cord injury alleviate pain and gain control over functions like bladder, bowel, and muscle control again. The prototype contains 3D Printed Silicone Guide acts as a scaffold, over which neuronal stem cells are 3D Printed, which then later differentiate into neurons, and then it is implanted into the injured part of spinal cord.

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Researchers Work Toward 3D Printed Magnets For Medical Devices

Researchers Work Toward 3D Printed Magnets For Medical Devices

ETH Zurich researchers are working on using 3D Printing Technology to create Magnets that can be used in Rotary Blood Pumps, which are the only option for patients suffering from end-stage heart failure. The traditionally available pumps tend to have the side effects of hemolysis and thrombus formation, therefore they created a filament made from thermoplastic combined with isotropic NdFeB powder, which was then used to 3D print a prototype of a turbodynamic pump with integrated magnets in the impeller and housing. The pump was 3D printed in one piece on a low-cost, consumer-level 3D printer (a Prusa i3 MK2 with a multi-material upgrade, to be exact), then the magnetic components were fully magnetized in a pulsed Bitter coil, added with MagFil, the 3D Printed Magnets, and whole process took 15 hours.

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Surgeons Exploring World Of 3D Printing With Innovative Lab At Duke University

Surgeons Exploring World Of 3D Printing With Innovative Lab At Duke University

Tawfig Khoury, MD, an otolaryngology (ear and throat) resident at Duke University makes 3D printed medical models of the ear’s delicate temporal bones used for the purposes of medical training while Dr.Khoury works on his 3D printed models at the university’s Innovation Co-Lab Studio, previously described as a “creativity incubator,” also includes 3D scanning equipment, CNC machines and laser cutters, digital modeling workstations, and a number of other electronics. In order to receive and handle requests for 3D prints from around the world, the studio uses 3DPrinterOS, which gives users access to an online, live-streaming video of the project while it’s being 3D printed.

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Personalized 3D Printed Paracetamol Has Greater Advantages

Personalized 3D Printed Paracetamol Has Greater Advantages

Researchers from FabRx are working on using 3D Printing to create personalized medicine for patients that could reduce the adverse effects to individuals. Though FDM 3D Printing has potential, the high extrusion temperature limits the potential active ingredients to only heat-stable ones, it was still chosen over SLA 3D Printing since it was unsafe. A regenHU 3D bioprinter was used to print paracetamol into three different tablet geometries – solid, ring and mesh and the results could be invariably beneficial if successful for the individual personalization of medicines.

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Researchers Discuss What 3D Printing Is Yet To Do In Medical Field

Researchers Discuss What 3D Printing Is Yet To Do In Medical Field

A team of researchers based at the University of Utah worked on unmet clinical needs of 3D Printing and explained the needs in terms of structural support for skeletal and tubular organs, novel drug delivery strategies, organ-on-a-chip platform and finally, multimaterial 3D printing, which can help speed up the creation of bioelectronic constructs to impart active functionalities to an otherwise passive construct. Through the research, they addressed how 3D Printing Potential can be explored furthermore to increase compliance and comfort in terms of human satisfaction.

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Placenta Through 3D Printing Gives Way To Learning Inheritance

Placenta Through 3D Printing Gives Way To Learning Inheritance

Researchers at TU Wien (Vienna) have 3D printed a placenta on a chip to specifically study the permeability of the placenta and gain a better understanding of how it works. They developed a special femtosecond laser-based 3D printing process to produce customized hydrogel membranes directly within microfluidic chips, which are then populated with placenta cells. The researchers can use the chip to closely monitor biological parameters such as the pressure, temperature, geometry and nutrient supply of the mini-placenta and also test different drugs on the 3D printed tissue, observing the progression of diseases and the rate of cure.

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Bonds Over The Bones: Student Joins Teacher To Fight Off Gap Of Bone Cancer

Bonds Over The Bones Student Joins Teacher To Fight Off Gap Of Bone Cancer

Linh Nam, a Harvard College Student was diagnosed with Osteosarcoma, a cancerous tumor in the bone when she was just ten years old and had a section of bone removed from her leg with a gap left and upcoming 10 surgeries over a decade. However, she joined with Hala Zreiqat, biomedical engineering professor, to work on a project that aims to create a biocompatible, artificial material with the same strength and porosity as real bone using 3D printing. Professor Zreigat’s team finally found a way to generate a porous core of a novel multi-component ceramic for bone implants using 3D printing which will be available to public around 2019.

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7-Year-Old Receives Surgery Planned Ahead Through 3D Printed Surgical Model

7 Year Old Receives Surgery Planned Ahead Through 3D Printed Surgical Model

7-year-old Isaiah Onassis Goberdhan, son of Barnaby Goberdhan had an aggressive tumor in his palate and nasal cavity and required surgery to remove it and approached Dr. Neha A. Patel, MD, Nortwell Pediatric Otolaryngologist at Cohen Children’s Medical Center. Working with Todd Goldstein, PhD, a Northwell Health Researcher, Dr. Patel create a personalized 3D rendering of Isaiah’s palate, using his CT and MRI scans and Formlabs technology was used to 3D print an anatomical model with the tumor, and one with it removed, in order to help the doctors and the family physically visualize the entire procedure ahead of time.

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Had Heart Attack? The New 3D Printed Cardiac Patch Heals The Permanent Damage

Had Heart Attack The New 3D Printed Cardiac Patch Heal The Permanent Damage

Once a person suffers myocardial infarction or heart attack in local language, some part of heart is destroyed permanently at cellular level which cannot recover or regenerate. However, scientists have developed 3D printed cardiac patches that can be used to repair hearts damaged by heart attacks, but only about five have been produced worldwide. A group of researchers 3D printed a world-first stretchable microfiber scaffold with a hexagonal design to which added specialized stem cells called iPS-Cardiomyocytes, which began to contract unstimulated on the scaffold. The work has been demonstrated on the actual hearts of pigs and being planned for human trials.

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Researchers Study Malaria Through Inexpensive 3D Printed Membrane Feeder

Researchers Study Malaria Through Inexpensive 3D Printed Membrane Feeder

A group of researchers from Imperial College, London is studying how malaria is transmitted, which requires mosquito test subjects to be infected with Plasmodium gametocytes – the blood stage parasites that actually cause malaria. In a Standard Membrane Feeding Assay (SMFA) test, an artificial membrane feeding apparatus, which simulates the host’s skin and body temperature, is used to get the mosquitoes to eat reconstituted blood containing the gametocytes. The researchers created the two-part membrane feeder design using the free, open source CAD modeling program Art of Illusion, then had Shapeways 3D print the parts out USP VI medical-grade “Fine Detail Plastic” acrylic resin (VisiJet M3 Crystal).

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Tokyo Researchers Reduce Production Costs For 3D Printed Medical Models

Tokyo Researchers Reduce Production Costs For 3D Printed Medical Models

A group of researchers from Tokyo Dental College set up a “One-stop 3D printing lab” at the college for the purposes of quickly and inexpensively designing and 3D printing models for oral and maxillofacial surgery. The researchers created their One-Stop 3D printing Lab by generalizing the software and hardware around its inexpensive Value3D MagiX MF-2000 desktop 3D printer from MUTOH Industries Ltd. The researchers determined, by 3D printing dental models daily, that the amount of preparation cost and modeling material can be lowered by increasing the laminating pitch.

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Youbionic Releases Redesigned Version Of Youbionic Arm

YouBionic Releases Redesigned Version Of Youbionic Arm

Italian Startup Youbionic was founded by Federico Ciccarese, and they have come up with a newer version of their Youbionic arm that is a Robotic Arm made of 3d printing and designed to perform all movements that a human Arm can accomplish. The arm is 3D printed out of PLA and uses Actuonix Linear Actuators. The company has rolled out the 3D Print Files of the arm for $149 and files for hand for $99 with hopes to fund his team’s further development.

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Treatment Of Cleft Lip And Palate Of Newborn Receives Aid From 3D Printing

Treatment Of Cleft Lip And Palate Of Newborn Receives Aid From 3D Printing

A study conducted at Technical University of Munich (TUM) described their virtual workflow, and also analyzed how effective semi-automated intraoral molding plate generation, or RapidNAM, is for helping to treat Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP). A 3D triangulation scanner from 3Shape in Denmark was used to digitalize the casts, and after creating a graphical user interface (GUI), an algorithm automatically detected the alveolar ridge, in order to find the monthly growth rate in the anatomical study of 32 healthy newborn babies. Special 3D software was used to help with plate expansions during the manual plate molding.

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Calcium Silicate Bone Scaffold By 3D Printing Shows Promise For Bone Grafts

Calcium Silicate Bone Scaffold By 3D Printing Shows Promise For Bone Grafts

A collaborative team of researchers from the National Taiwan University Hospital, the China Medical University Hospital, and Asia University have created a new bone substitute- Calcium Silicate Bone Scaffold that have both osteoconductive and osetoinductive potential to be used for bone grafts/repair required in people suffering from bone defects and disorders around the globe. The team explored the effects of various loading methods on novel grafting material bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), which was loaded with a mesoporous calcium silicate (MesoCS) scaffold created with FDM 3D printing on a 3D bioprinter from GeSiM.

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Neuraxial Anesthesia Training Phantom Gets 3D Printed For Just 13$

Neuraxial Anesthesia Training Phantom Gets 3D Printed For Just 13

A group of researchers developed an inexpensive, 3D Printable Neuraxial Anesthesia Phantom through the use of free/libre/open-source (FLOS) software and data from CT scans to create a 3D model of the lumbar spine, which was then modified, put inside a digitally designed housing unit, and 3D printed out of PLA on a desktop system. The so 3d Printed Neuraxial Anesthesia Training Model cost only $13 and 25 hours of non-supervised 3D printing and two hours to assemble it, much less than creating a Simulab phantom.

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Russia Advances One Step Closer To Bioprinting Through Biocompatible 3D Polymeric Materials for Tissue Repair

Russia Advances One Step Closer To Bioprinting Through Biocompatible 3D Polymeric Materials for Tissue Repair

A team from the Polymer Materials for Tissue Engineering and Transplantology Laboratory of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) in a joint project with researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences and Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, has developed innovative, polymeric medical materials that can be used to fix human organs that have undergone trauma. The team have created a porous, 3D material made of chitosan – a bone tissue analog – and collagen which can mimic the body tissues and prevent itself from being rejected by the immunity of human body.

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Study Proves 3D Printed Splints Preferable Over Conventional Splints

Study Proves 3D Printed Splints Preferable Over Conventional Splints

A group of researchers compared conventional and digital additive manufacturing of hard occlusal stabilization splints (SS) using technical and clinical parameters and 14 subjects underwent sequence of tests and questionnaires for 12 weeks. On a scaled of great discomfort,  Conventional had a score of 42 while Additive Manufacturing performed 15, meaning 3D Printed Stabilization Splints are far more comfortable and preferred over the conventional ones.

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Artificial Lungs That You Can Carry In Bags

Artificial Lungs That You Can Carry In Bags

Biomedical engineer Dr. Joseph Potkay is working with high-resolution 3D Printing company Old World Labs on a research funded by the VA (Veteran Affairs), to create a prototype of the 3D printed artificial lung, which will be about a half-inch cube in size, hopefully able to fit in a backpack and be used for a week. It will be the first truly wearable artificial lung that’s compatible with living tissue and can provide both short- and long-term respiratory support, and microfluidic artificial lungs. The device has been tested in rabbits, with sheep testing planned for the future.

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India Achieves First Patient Specific Trauma Total Talus Replacement Through 3D Printing

India Achieves First Patient Specific Trauma Total Talus Replacement Through 3D Printing

Dr. Rajiv Shah, an Orthopedic Surgeon at Global Hospital along with 3D Printing Startup 3D Post in Vadodara, India, has successfully implanted a 3D printed implant in a trauma patient which was first of its kind since it was the first patient-specific 3D printed trauma implant through a total talus replacement. The implant was 3D Printed using EOS M 280 3D Printer using titanium as the implant material for a 32-year old man from Guajarat, India who suffered an accident that resulted in the loss of his talus bone.

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Porous Scaffolds From UPC Researchers For FDM 3D Printing Show Promises Fulfilled

Porous Scaffolds From UPC Researchers For FDM 3D Printing Show Promises Fulfilled

Researchers from the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) in Barcelona developed a new method of designing porous scaffolds for FDM 3D printing using a dual-extruder Sigma 3D printer from BCN3D to fabricate three sample scaffolds out of PLA, and then measuring their pore size and total porosity. They applied their model to a disc shape and defined three different variables: Distance between parallel planes; Number of base points for columns on each plane and Radius of each column.

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Man Gets Wolverine Like 3D Printed Titanium Metacarpal Implant

Man Gets Wolverine Like 3D Printed Titanium Metacarpal Implant

Paul D’Urso, MD, a neurosurgeon at Epworth Healthcare and the Executive Chairman of Australian medical device company Anatomics, together with Dr. Dan Rowe, engineers from the medical device company designed a 3D printed, patient-specific metacarpal implant to replace a patient’s two missing metacarpals and missing capitate that had resulted from his injury.  The implant was designed with titanium mesh and patient’s hand reconstruction surgery took place at Greenslopes Private Hospital in Queensland.

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Pakistani Researchers Create 3D Printed Drug Delivery Device

Pakistani Researchers Create 3D Printed Drug Delivery Device

Munam Arshad from Pakistan under his thesis for MS Mechanical Engineering, recently outlined the effectiveness of 3D Printing in drug delivery via a vibrating mechanism that moves the medications through small ‘slits.’ Using PMC-744 as the material of choice due to its biocompatibility and flexibility, the research team 3D Printed the final model using SOLIDWORKS and PLA, featuring one system with both a haptic motor and drug reservoir with drug release area .

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PLACTIVE 3D Printed Filament Is The New Focus Of NASA

PLACTIVE 3D Printed Filament Is The New Focus Of NASA

A Chilean startup Copper3D had recently unveiled PLACTIVE, an antibacterial 3D printing filament designed for the production of medical devices such as prosthetics and braces. Taking interest in PLACTIVE, the NASA Nebraska Space Grant is working with the University of Nebraska Omaha and Copper3D on a study of PLACTIVE and states the new material has already passed very exhaustive laboratory tests with +99.99% elimination of most dangerous bacterial strains.

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Germany Based Medical Company 3D Prints Hip Replacement Cup Cutters For Surgeons

Germany Based Medical Company 3D Prints Hip Replacement Cup Cutters For Surgeons

Endocon, a Germany-based medical device company and a GE Additive customer, has started 3D Printing a new device called Acetabular Cup Cutter for surgeons to remove hip replacement cups with cost-effectiveness and product reliability with better surgical experience. Using GE Additive’s Concept Laser Mlab Cusing 100R, which uses direct metal laser melting (DMLM) technology, Endocon 3D prints the blades for its endoCupcut in 17-4 PH stainless steel.

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Accessing Technology With Customizable 3D Printed Contactors

Accessing Technology With Customizable 3D Printed Contactors

Pole-Ergo, a group of French occupational therapists are working on a new project, an Adaptable Swtich or Contactor, which is a button that assists disabled people to have access over electronics. Through motor gestures without precision, it helps disabled people have way better access over computers, tablets, mobile phones or other devices. Using 3D Printing, Pole Ergo created a 3D Printed Contactor that can be modified according to the user’s motor characteristics, habits or tastes.

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TirboLox-L 3D Printed Lumabr Cage From Captiva Spine Receives FDA Clearance

Captiva Spine Receives FDA Clearance for 3D Printed Titanium Lumbar Cages

Florida-based Captiva Spine Inc., a privately owned medical device organization that was founded in 2007 has recently received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for its 3D Printed TirboLOX-L Titanium Lumbar Cages. TirboLOX-L Titanium Lumbar Cages uses 3D printing to form interbody fusion devices, made out of titanium alloy, with a double layer organic lattice structure and include the benefits such as the bone’s ability to successfully grow within its architecture, which can then help it achieve good kinematic properties.

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The Prodigal Hero Return: 3D Printing For Different Heroes

Cam Haight of Different Heroes Nonprofit Makes 3D Printed Prosthetic Hand for His Own Hero

The story of 5-year old Cameron Haight was undoubtedly inspiring, how he was born with Amniotic Band Syndrome (ABS) which cause his finger bones to fuse, skin webbing, indentations on one wrist and fingers and even amputations. With help from eNABLE and Robo R1+ 3D Printer, he started 3D Printing prosthetics for other children in need and now through Different Heroes, a non-profit organization raised by Cam and his parents, they were able to gift their favorite football team Carolina Panthers idol with an adult-sized version of his own 3D Printed Panthers Prosthetic Hand.

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Into The Future: Bionic Eye Is Nearly Ready

Breakthrough 3D Printed Bionic Eye Could Restore or Enhance Sight

A team of researchers at University of Minnesota researchers are working on what they call “Bionic Eye” by Custom 3D Printing photoreceptors on a hemispherical surface. The process consumed hemispherical glass dome, silver particle base ink, semiconducting polymer materials and approximately one hour. With 25% efficiency, they are now planning to create prototypes that are even more efficient and could be worked upon for implantation into a real eye, thereby restoring or improving sight.

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Aether and UCLA Collaborate Towards Developing 3D Printed Artificial Muscles

Aether and UCLA Collaborate Towards Developing 3D Printed Artificial Muscles

UCLA and Bioprinting Company Aether have collaborated to work towards 3D Printed Artificial Muscles by working together to develop technologies for faster, easier fabrication of soft artificial muscles and other multi-material structures. Aether will work on optimizing the Aether 1 bioprinter and its computer vision capabilities to automate the process of 3D printing soft robotic devices, improve print quality and ease of use and has also planned to launch software that will allow users to create 3D printable organs from medical images with the push of a button in around 2019.

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Snake Robot For Intraluminal Surgeries Gets Successfully 3D Printed

Snake Robot For Intraluminal Surgeries Gets Successfully 3D Printed

A group of researchers describe how they designed a novel multi-tool snake-like robot, called the i2 Snake (Intuitive Imaging Sensing Navigated and Kinematically Enhanced robot) for minimally invasive intraluminal surgery. They used a rolling-joint design, a bio-inspired mechanism that consists of two circular surfaces rolling against each other, however, standard rolling joints could slip, resulting in control inaccuracies or a dislocated joint. The researchers used an Mlab 3D printer from Concept Laser to manufacture a prototype of the optimized rolling joint which was then characterized in terms of precision and manipulation forces.

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Wound Dressings By 3D Printing Are The Future Of Healing

Wound Dressings By 3D Printing Are The Future Of Healing

Under a thesis by a student named Cristian Ghibaudo, 3D bioprinting was discussed regarding the better wound treatments under Onskin project based on microfibrillar cellulose, or MFC, and sustainable materials. The concept was developed in four modules: the moisturizing module (M1), the absorbent module (M2), the barrier module (M3) and the support module (M4). Using BioX 3D Printers, several wound dressing prototypes were 3D printed out of which the Flat prototype was selected concluding it had good mechanical properties and high resolution, plus it printed in only 30 minutes.

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